-
1 retire
1) (stop working permanently, usually because of age: He retired at the age of sixty-five.) retirarse, jubilarse2) (to leave; to withdraw: When he doesn't want to talk to anyone, he retires to his room and locks the door; We retired to bed at midnight; The troops were forced to retire to a safer position.) retirarse•- retired- retirement
- retiring
retire vb jubilarsetr[rɪ'taɪəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (from work) jubilar1 (from work) jubilarse2 (withdraw) retirarse3 (go to bed) acostarse1) retreat, withdraw: retirarse, retraerse2) : retirarse, jubilarse (de su trabajo)3) : acostarse, irse a dormirv.• acuartelar v.• jubilar v.• recoger v.• recogerse v.• retirar v.• retirarse v.• retraer v.(§pres: -traigo, -traes...) pret: -traj-•)rɪ'taɪr, rɪ'taɪə(r)
1.
1) (from job, occupation) jubilarse, retirarse; \<\<soldier\>\> retirarse (del servicio activo); \<\<athlete/footballer\>\> retirarsethe retiring treasurer — el tesorero saliente or que se retira/retiraba
2)a) (retreat, withdraw) (frml) retirarseb) ( Mil) \<\<troops\>\> retirarse, replegarse*c) ( from sporting contest)
2.
vt ( from job) jubilar[rɪ'taɪǝ(r)]1. VI1) (=give up work) [worker] retirarse; (at age limit) jubilarse, retirarse; [professional sportsperson, military officer] retirarseshe retired on a good pension — se jubiló or se retiró con una buena pensión
he retired to the South of France — se jubiló or se retiró y se fue a vivir al sur de Francia
2) frm (=withdraw) retirarsethe jury has retired to consider its verdict — el jurado se ha retirado a deliberar para dar su veredicto
to retire from public life — retirarse de or abandonar la vida pública
3) frm (=go to bed) acostarse, retirarse frmto retire to bed, retire for the night — ir a dormir, ir a acostarse
4) (Sport) [competitor] abandonar, retirarse; [horse] retirarsehe retired in the fifth lap with engine trouble — abandonó or se retiró en la quinta vuelta debido a problemas con el motor
5) (Mil) [troops, army] retirarse2. VT1) (from work, service) [+ worker] jubilar; (Mil) [+ officer] retirarhe was compulsorily retired — le dieron la jubilación forzosa, le obligaron a jubilarse
2) (Horse racing) [+ horse] retirar; (Baseball) [+ batter] eliminar3) (Econ) [+ bond] redimir4) (Mil) [+ troops, army] retirar* * *[rɪ'taɪr, rɪ'taɪə(r)]
1.
1) (from job, occupation) jubilarse, retirarse; \<\<soldier\>\> retirarse (del servicio activo); \<\<athlete/footballer\>\> retirarsethe retiring treasurer — el tesorero saliente or que se retira/retiraba
2)a) (retreat, withdraw) (frml) retirarseb) ( Mil) \<\<troops\>\> retirarse, replegarse*c) ( from sporting contest)
2.
vt ( from job) jubilar -
2 retirer
retirer [ʀ(ə)tiʀe]➭ TABLE 11. transitive verba. [+ gants, lunettes, manteau] to take off ; [+ privilèges] to withdrawb. ( = sortir) to take out (de from)• retirer un corps de l'eau/qn de dessous les décombres to pull a body out of the water/sb out from under the rubble• on lui retirera difficilement de l'idée or de la tête qu'il est menacé (inf) we'll have difficulty convincing him that he's not being threatenedc. [+ bagages, billets réservés] to collect ; [+ argent en dépôt] to withdrawd. ( = ramener en arrière) to withdrawe. [+ candidature, accusation, plainte] to withdraw• retirer un produit du commerce or du marché to take a product off the marketg. [+ photo] to reprint2. reflexive verb• ils se sont retirés dans un coin pour discuter affaires they withdrew to a corner to talk businessb. ( = reculer) (pour laisser passer qn, éviter un coup) to move out of the way ; [troupes] to withdraw ; [marée, mer, eaux d'inondation] to recede• retire-toi de là, tu me gênes stand somewhere else, you're in my wayc. ( = quitter) se retirer de to withdraw from• se retirer d'une compétition/d'un marché to withdraw from a competition/from a market* * *ʀətiʀe
1.
1) ( se débarrasser de) to take off [vêtement, bijou]2) ( faire sortir) to take out, to remove (de from)retirer une balle d'une blessure — to remove ou extract a bullet from a wound
retirer un enfant d'une école — to take a child away from a school, to remove a child from a school
retirer quelque chose de l'eau/des décombres — to pull something out of the water/from ou out of the rubble
retirer un gâteau d'un moule — to turn a cake out of a tin GB ou pan US
3) ( écarter) to withdraw [pied, main]retire ta main, tu vas te brûler — move your hand away, you'll burn yourself
4) (supprimer, enlever) to withdraw [permission] (à from); to take away, to remove [droit, bien, objet] (à from)retirer un produit de la vente — Commerce to recall a product
il s'est fait retirer son permis de conduire — he had his driver's licence [BrE] taken away from him
retirer de la circulation — to withdraw [something] from circulation [monnaie]
retirer un livre du programme/de la table — to take a book off the syllabus/off the table
5) ( ne pas maintenir) to withdraw [plainte, offre]retirer sa candidature — ( à un poste) to withdraw one's application; ( à une élection) to stand down ( en faveur de in favour [BrE] of)
6) ( rentrer en possession de) to collect, to pick up [billet, bagages, dossier]; to withdraw [argent]7) ( recueillir) to get, to derive [bénéfice] (de from)il en retire 3000 euros par an — he gets 3,000 euros a year out of it
8) ( extraire) to extract [minerai, huile] (de from)
2.
se retirer verbe pronominal ( partir) to withdraw, to leave; ( aller se coucher) (dated) to retire to bedse retirer sans bruit — to slip away quietly; ( reculer) [eaux de crue] to subside; [personne] to step back; ( pour laisser passer) to step aside
* * *ʀ(ə)tiʀe vt1) [projet, candidature] to withdraw2) [troupes] to withdraw3) [soutien] to withdrawLe premier ministre lui a retiré son soutien au moment critique. — The prime minister withdrew his support at a critical moment.
On lui a retiré la garde des enfants. — His right to custody of the children has been withdrawn.
4) [autorisation, passeport, permis] to take awayretirer qch à qn [autorisation, passeport, permis] — to take sth away from sb
On lui a retiré son permis. — He's had his licence taken away from him., [garde] to take sth away from sb
On lui a retiré ses enfants. — He's had his children taken away from him.
5) (= enlever) [vêtement, lunettes] to take off, to removeIl a retiré son pull. — He took off his sweater.
6) (= extraire)retirer qn de — to take sb away from, to remove sb from
retirer qch de — to take sth out of, to remove sth from
7) [avantage, profit, bénéfice]retirer qch de — to get sth out of, to derive sth from
Elle en retire un plaisir manifeste. — She obviously gets a lot of pleasure out of it.
Il en a retiré des bénéfices considérables. — He got a lot out of it.
8) (= reprendre) [bagages, billets] to collect, to pick up9) [argent] to withdrawElle a retiré de l'argent. — She withdrew some money.
* * *retirer verb table: aimerA vtr2 ( faire sortir) to take out, to remove (de from); retirer les arêtes to take out ou remove the bones; retirer une balle d'une blessure to remove ou extract a bullet from a wound; retirer les mains de ses poches/le poulet du four to take one's hands out of one's pockets/the chicken out of the oven; retirer un enfant d'une école to take a child away from a school, to remove a child from a school; retirer un filet de l'eau to pull a net out of the water; retirer un corps des décombres to pull a body from ou out of the rubble; retirer un mouchoir de sa poche to pull a handkerchief out of one's pocket; retirer un gâteau d'un moule to turn a cake out of a tin GB ou pan US; retirer ses troupes d'un pays to withdraw one's troops from a country; je n'arrive pas à retirer la cuillère du bocal I can't get the spoon out of the jar; ⇒ épine;3 ( écarter) to withdraw [pied, main, tête]; retire ta main, tu vas te brûler move your hand away, you'll burn yourself;4 (supprimer, enlever) to withdraw [permission, privilège] (à from); to take away, to remove [droit, bien, objet] (à from); retirer un produit de la vente Comm to recall a product; retirer la garde d'un enfant à qn to withdraw custody of a child from sb; on m'a retiré la garde de mon fils I've lost custody of my son; il s'est fait retirer son permis de conduire he had his driver's licenceGB taken away from him; retirer [qch] de la circulation to withdraw [sth] from circulation [monnaie]; retire-lui ce livre des mains take that book away from him/her; retirer un livre du programme to take a book off the syllabus; retirer ses affaires de la table to take one's things off the table; retirer sa confiance à qn not to trust sb any more; je lui ai retiré mon estime I no longer have any respect for him/her; retirer une pièce de l'affiche to close a play;5 ( ne pas maintenir) to withdraw [plainte, accusation, offre, soutien]; retirer sa candidature ( à un poste) to withdraw one's application; ( à une élection) to stand down (en faveur de in favourGB of); je retire ce que j'ai dit I take back what I said;6 ( rentrer en possession de) to collect, to pick up [billet, bagages, dossier, inscription]; to withdraw [argent] (d'un compte from an account); retirer les billets au guichet/à l'agence de voyages to collect one's tickets at the counter/from the travel agent's;7 ( recueillir) to get, to derive [bénéfice] (de from); il en retire 10 000 euros par an he gets 10,000 euros a year out of it; espérant en retirer un profit/avantage hoping to get some benefit/advantage out of it; je n'en ai retiré que des ennuis it brought me nothing but trouble, I got nothing but trouble out of it; tout ce qu'il a retiré de sa baignade/de son refus de payer, c'est… all he got out of his swim/of refusing to pay was…;8 ( extraire) to extract [minerai, huile] (de from); graine dont on retire de l'huile seed from which oil is extracted.B se retirer vpr1 ( partir) to withdraw, to leave; ( aller se coucher)† to retire to bed; se retirer dans son bureau/un coin to withdraw to one's study/a corner; se retirer en province/sur ses terres to retire to the country/to one's estate; se retirer de to withdraw from [groupement, parti, territoire, compétition]; to retire from [affaires, politique]; se retirer du monde to withdraw from society; se retirer du barreau to retire from the bar; un homme retiré de la politique a man retired from political life; depuis qu'il est retiré des affaires since he retired, since his retirement; se retirer du combat/de la partie to pull out; se retirer sur la pointe des pieds to tiptoe out ou away; se retirer sans bruit to slip away quietly;2 ( après accouplement) to withdraw;3 ( reculer) [eaux de crue] to subside, to recede; [glacier] to retreat; [personne] to step back; ( pour laisser passer) to step aside; se retirer sur ses arrières or positions Mil to retreat; la foule se retira vers la mairie the crowd retreated to the town hall; la mer se retire the tide is going out.[rətire] verbe transitif2. [ramener à soi]4. [annuler - droit] to take away (separable) ; [ - plainte, offre] to withdraw ; [ - accusation] to take back (separable)retirer sa candidature to withdraw one's candidature, to stand downla pièce a été retirée de l'affiche après une semaine the play came off ou closed after a week5. [confisquer]6. [récupérer - argent] to withdraw, to take out (separable), to draw ; [ - bagage, ticket] to pick up (separable), to collectj'ai retiré un peu d'argent de mon compte I drew ou withdrew some money from my bank account8. [coup de feu] to fire againretirer une photo to make a new ou fresh print (from a photo)————————[rətire] verbe intransitif————————se retirer verbe pronominal intransitif1. [s'éloigner] to withdraw2. [s'établir] to retire -
3 Chapelon, André
[br]b. 26 October 1892 Saint-Paul-en-Cornillon, Loire, Franced. 29 June 1978 Paris, France[br]French locomotive engineer who developed high-performance steam locomotives.[br]Chapelon's technical education at the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, Paris, was interrupted by extended military service during the First World War. From experience of observing artillery from the basket of a captive balloon, he developed a method of artillery fire control which was more accurate than that in use and which was adopted by the French army.In 1925 he joined the motive-power and rolling-stock department of the Paris-Orléans Railway under Chief Mechanical Engineer Maurice Lacoin and was given the task of improving the performance of its main-line 4–6–2 locomotives, most of them compounds. He had already made an intensive study of steam locomotive design and in 1926 introduced his Kylchap exhaust system, based in part on the earlier work of the Finnish engineer Kyläla. Chapelon improved the entrainment of the hot gases in the smokebox by the exhaust steam and so minimized back pressure in the cylinders, increasing the power of a locomotive substantially. He also greatly increased the cross-sectional area of steam passages, used poppet valves instead of piston valves and increased superheating of steam. PO (Paris-Orléans) 4–6–2s rebuilt on these principles from 1929 onwards proved able to haul 800-ton trains, in place of the previous 500-ton trains, and to do so to accelerated schedules with reduced coal consumption. Commencing in 1932, some were converted, at the time of rebuilding, into 4–8–0s to increase adhesive weight for hauling heavy trains over the steeply graded Paris-Toulouse line.Chapelon's principles were quickly adopted on other French railways and elsewhere.H.N. Gresley was particularly influenced by them. After formation of the French National Railways (SNCF) in 1938, Chapelon produced in 1941 a prototype rebuilt PO 2–10–0 freight locomotive as a six-cylinder compound, with four low-pressure cylinders to maximize expansive use of steam and with all cylinders steam-jacketed to minimize heat loss by condensation and radiation. War conditions delayed extended testing until 1948–52. Meanwhile Chapelon had, by rebuilding, produced in 1946 a high-powered, three-cylinder, compound 4–8–4 intended as a stage in development of a proposed range of powerful and thermally efficient steam locomotives for the postwar SNCF: a high-speed 4–6–4 in this range was to run at sustained speeds of 125 mph (200 km/h). However, plans for improved steam locomotives were then overtaken in France by electriflcation and dieselization, though the performance of the 4–8–4, which produced 4,000 hp (3,000 kW) at the drawbar for the first time in Europe, prompted modification of electric locomotives, already on order, to increase their power.Chapelon retired from the SNCF in 1953, but continued to act as a consultant. His principles were incorporated into steam locomotives built in France for export to South America, and even after the energy crisis of 1973 he was consulted on projects to build improved, high-powered steam locomotives for countries with reserves of cheap coal. The eventual fall in oil prices brought these to an end.[br]Bibliography1938, La Locomotive à vapeur, Paris: J.B.Bailière (a comprehensive summary of contemporary knowledge of every function of the locomotive).Further ReadingH.C.B.Rogers, 1972, Chapelon, Genius of French Steam, Shepperton: Ian Allan.1986, "André Chapelon, locomotive engineer: a survey of his work", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 58 (a symposium on Chapelon's work).Obituary, 1978, Railway Engineer (September/October) (makes reference to the technical significance of Chapelon's work).PJGR -
4 Churchward, George Jackson
[br]b. 31 January 1857 Stoke Gabriel, Devon, Englandd. 19 December 1933 Swindon, Wiltshire, England[br]English mechanical engineer who developed for the Great Western Railway a range of steam locomotives of the most advanced design of its time.[br]Churchward was articled to the Locomotive Superintendent of the South Devon Railway in 1873, and when the South Devon was absorbed by the Great Western Railway in 1876 he moved to the latter's Swindon works. There he rose by successive promotions to become Works Manager in 1896, and in 1897 Chief Assistant to William Dean, who was Locomotive Carriage and Wagon Superintendent, in which capacity Churchward was allowed extensive freedom of action. Churchward eventually succeeded Dean in 1902: his title changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer in 1916.In locomotive design, Churchward adopted the flat-topped firebox invented by A.J.Belpaire of the Belgian State Railways and added a tapered barrel to improve circulation of water between the barrel and the firebox legs. He designed valves with a longer stroke and a greater lap than usual, to achieve full opening to exhaust. Passenger-train weights had been increasing rapidly, and Churchward produced his first 4–6– 0 express locomotive in 1902. However, he was still developing the details—he had a flair for selecting good engineering practices—and to aid his development work Churchward installed at Swindon in 1904 a stationary testing plant for locomotives. This was the first of its kind in Britain and was based on the work of Professor W.F.M.Goss, who had installed the first such plant at Purdue University, USA, in 1891. For comparison with his own locomotives Churchward obtained from France three 4–4–2 compound locomotives of the type developed by A. de Glehn and G. du Bousquet. He decided against compounding, but he did perpetuate many of the details of the French locomotives, notably the divided drive between the first and second pairs of driving wheels, when he introduced his four-cylinder 4–6–0 (the Star class) in 1907. He built a lone 4–6–2, the Great Bear, in 1908: the wheel arrangement enabled it to have a wide firebox, but the type was not perpetuated because Welsh coal suited narrow grates and 4–6–0 locomotives were adequate for the traffic. After Churchward retired in 1921 his successor, C.B.Collett, was to enlarge the Star class into the Castle class and then the King class, both 4–6–0s, which lasted almost as long as steam locomotives survived in service. In Church ward's time, however, the Great Western Railway was the first in Britain to adopt six-coupled locomotives on a large scale for passenger trains in place of four-coupled locomotives. The 4–6–0 classes, however, were but the most celebrated of a whole range of standard locomotives of advanced design for all types of traffic and shared between them many standardized components, particularly boilers, cylinders and valve gear.[br]Further ReadingH.C.B.Rogers, 1975, G.J.Churchward. A Locomotive Biography, London: George Allen \& Unwin (a full-length account of Churchward and his locomotives, and their influence on subsequent locomotive development).C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 20 (a good brief account).Sir William Stanier, 1955, "George Jackson Churchward", Transactions of the NewcomenSociety 30 (a unique insight into Churchward and his work, from the informed viewpoint of his former subordinate who had risen to become Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London, Midland \& Scottish Railway).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Churchward, George Jackson
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5 England, George
[br]b. 1811 or 1812 Newcastle upon Tyne, Englandd. 4 March 1878 Cannes, France[br]English locomotive builder who built the first locomotives for the narrow-gauge Festiniog Railway.[br]England trained with John Penn \& Sons, marine engine and boilermakers, and set up his own business at Hatcham Iron Works, South London, in about 1840. This was initially a general engineering business and made traversing screw jacks, which England had patented, but by 1850 it was building locomotives. One of these, Little England, a 2–2– 2T light locomotive owing much to the ideas of W.Bridges Adams, was exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851, and England then prospered, supplying many railways at home and abroad with small locomotives. In 1863 he built two exceptionally small 0–4–0 tank locomotives for the Festiniog Railway, which enabled the latter's Manager and Engineer C.E. Spooner to introduce steam traction on this line with its gauge of just under 2 ft (60 cm). England's works had a reputation for good workmanship, suggesting he inspired loyalty among his employees, yet he also displayed increasingly tyrannical behaviour towards them: the culmination was a disastrous strike in 1865 that resulted in the loss of a substantial order from the South Eastern Railway. From 1866 George England became associated with development of locomotives to the patent of Robert Fairlie, but in 1869 he retired due to ill health and leased his works to a partnership of his son (also called George England), Robert Fairlie and J.S.Fraser under the title of the Fairlie Engine \& Steam Carriage Company. However, George England junior died within a few months, locomotive production ceased in 1870 and the works was sold off two years later.[br]Bibliography1839, British patent no. 8,058 (traversing screw jack).Further ReadingAspects of England's life and work are described in: C.H.Dickson, 1961, "Locomotive builders of the past", Stephenson Locomotive Society Journal, p. 138.A.R.Bennett, 1907, "Locomotive building in London", Railway Magazine, p. 382.R.Weaver, 1983, "English Ponies", Festiniog Railway Magazine (spring): 18.PJGR -
6 Saxby, John
[br]b. 17 August 1821 Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, Englandd. 22 April 1913 Hassocks, Sussex, England[br]English railway signal engineer, pioneer of interlocking.[br]In the mid-1850s Saxby was a foreman in the Brighton Works of the London Brighton \& South Coast Railway, where he had no doubt become familiar with construction of semaphore signals of the type invented by C.H. Gregory; the London-Brighton line was one of the first over which these were installed. In the 1850s points and signals were usually worked independently, and it was to eliminate the risk of accident from conflicting points and signal positions that Saxby in 1856 patented an arrangement by which related points and signals would be operated simultaneously by a single lever.Others were concerned with the same problem. In 1855 Vignier, an employee of the Western Railway of France, had made an interlocking apparatus for junctions, and in 1859 Austin Chambers, who worked for the North London Railway, installed at Kentish Town Junction an interlocking lever frame in which a movement that depended upon another could not even commence until the earlier one was completed. He patented it early in 1860; Saxby patented his own version of such an apparatus later the same year. In 1863 Saxby left the London Brighton \& South Coast Railway to enter into a partnership with J.S.Farmer and established Saxby \& Farmer's railway signalling works at Kilburn, London. The firm manufactured, installed and maintained signalling equipment for many prominent railway companies. Its interlocking frames made possible installation of complex track layouts at increasingly busy London termini possible.In 1867 Saxby \& Farmer purchased Chambers's patent of 1860, Later developments by the firm included effective interlocking actuated by lifting a lever's catch handle, rather than by the lever itself (1871), and an improved locking frame known as the "gridiron" (1874). This was eventually superseded by tappet interlocking, which had been invented by James Deakin of the rival firm Stevens \& Co. in 1870 but for which patent protection had been lost through non-renewal.Saxby \& Farmer's equipment was also much used on the European continent, in India and in the USA, to which it introduced interlocking. A second manufacturing works was set up in 1878 at Creil (Oise), France, and when the partnership terminated in 1888 Saxby moved to Creil and managed the works himself until he retired to Sussex in 1900.[br]Bibliography1856, British patent no. 1,479 (simultaneous operation of points and signals). 1860, British patent no. 31 (a true interlocking mechanism).1867, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 538 (improvements to the interlocking mechanism patented in 1860).1870, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 569 (the facing point lock by plunger bolt).1871, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 1,601 (catch-handle actuated interlocking) 1874, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 294 (gridiron frame).Further ReadingWestinghouse Brake and Signal Company, 1956, John Saxby (1821–1913) and His Part in the Development of Interlocking and of the Signalling Industry, London (published to mark the centenary of the 1856 patent).PJGR -
7 bolívar
m.1 bolivar, unit currency of Venezuela.2 Bolivar, Simon Bolivar.* * *1 bolivar (monetary unit of Venezuela)* * *- no verle la cara a Bolívar* * *masculino bolivar ( Venezuelan unit of currency)* * *masculino bolivar ( Venezuelan unit of currency)* * *bolivar ( Venezuelan unit of currency)* * *
bolívar sustantivo masculino
bolivar ( Venezuelan unit of currency)
bolívar sustantivo masculino bolivar (national currency of Venezuela)
' bolívar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
céntimo
* * *Bolívar n pr(Simón) Bolívar (Simon) BolivarBOLÍVARThe greatest of the leaders of Latin America's struggle for independence from Spain, Simon Bolivar was born in Caracas, Venezuela on 24 July 1783. From an early age he was an advocate of independence from Spain, and he propagandized for it on his travels through Latin America, Europe and the United States. Venezuela declared itself independent in 1811 at his prompting, and in 1813 he led a victorious army into Caracas, gaining for himself the title of “Libertador” (“Liberator”). In 1819 he founded the state of Gran Colombia (including modern-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador), and became its first president. His only rival of equivalent stature was José de San Martin, who freed his native Argentina and helped in the liberation of Chile and Peru. After Bolivar met San Martin in 1822, the Argentinian resigned his position as protector of Peru and went into exile in France. Bolivar's subsequent victory at the battle of Ayacucho in 1824 finally secured independence for Peru and brought an end to Spanish rule in South America. In 1826 he opened the Congress of Panama, which sought to give concrete form to his ideal of a united confederation of Latin American states – an ideal which has been cherished by many Latin Americans since his day. Disillusioned by the failure of his pan-American ideal in practice, he retired from public life in 1830 and died on 17 December of the same year.* * *m bolivar (currency unit of Venezuela)* * *bolívar nm: bolivar (monetary unit of Venezuela)
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